“Every dog has its day… or century or two”: The end of the remittance basis of taxation etc PART TWO
Andy Wood • February 18, 2025
This is the second part in a 3-part series on "The End of the Remittance Basis of Taxation"
THE PRE 6 APRIL 2025 RULES
Individuals
So, what are these favourable rules that are being scrapped?
Firstly, various changes have taken place to the non-dom / remittance basis rules over the years. Each sortie by the legislator taking its toll on the attractiveness of these rules.
As such, I will look at some of the history which, I aver, it might be useful to know. So, let’s see what we can Golden Retrieve from the memory banks.
Income tax and Capital Gains Tax (”CGT”)
The remittance basis simply provides the non-dom taxpayer with the privilege of leaving his or her foreign income and gains (“FIG”) overseas without any tax being paid. If he or she leaves it overseas then there is no tax to pay. However, if he or she brings, enjoys or uses the funds in the UK then they will suffer tax to the extent that they do so.
If it is foreign income that is ‘remitted’ then it will suffer UK income tax. If it is a foreign gain that is remitted then it will suffer CGT. When the funds remitted were ‘mixed’ then special rules would apply.
In order to use the remittance basis, one must make an election and potentially pay a fee to use it1. The amount payable depends on how many years one has been resident in the UK:
- less than 7/9 tax years: the remittance basis is ‘free of charge’;
- between 7/9 tax years and 12/14 tax years: the remittance basis charge is £30k
- if one has been resident in the UK for 12/14 or more tax years and 17/20 tax years then one must pay 60k.
Prior to 2017, there was another tier of 17/20 tax years at which point the Remittance Basis Charge was £90k. However, this was scrapped when that years Finance Act created a long-stop date of being able to use the remittance basis of 15/20 tax years after which the ability to use the remittance basis was pulled (this was known as being deemed domiciled for income tax and CGT purposes).
A taxpayer had flexibility to choose whether to pay the Remittance Basis Charge in one year and not another. It would simply be a ‘cost v benefit’ calculation for a particular tax year.
Inheritance Tax (“IHT”)
Under pre 6 April 2025 rules, IHT primarily looked one’s domicile position rather than residence.
The position is that if one is domiciled in the UK then you pay UK IHT on worldwide assets. Whether that person is non-resident at the point of death is largely unimportant (unless also franked by valid claims to be non-UK domiciled).
A non-domiciled (and non-deemed) individual is subject to IHT on UK assets only.
Prior to 2017, a non-dom who had been resident in the UK for 17 out of 20 tax years would become ‘deemed domiciled’ for IHT purposes only. However, with the concept of ‘deemed domiciled’ being introduced for income tax and CGT as well, the threshold became 15/20 tax years across the board.
The rules for trusts
The concept of protected trusts was introduced in 2017.
Let us first remind ourselves of the framework that preceded that one.
The Pre-2017 position
The basic position before 2017 was that a non-UK trust (other than in respect of UK residential property from April 2015) did not pay UK CGT regardless of where the asset was located. This is based on the fundamental jurisdictional basis of UK CGT.
However, such a simple rule – which would be open to significant abuse if existed in isolation – was bolstered by a plethora of anti-avoidance rules2.
Prior to 2017, those anti-avoidance rules:
- looked to attach the gains of the trust to a UK settlor under certain circumstances; or
- alternatively, looked to attach the gains of the trust to a UK beneficiary.
Under those rules, where a settlor retained an interest (for ease, let’s say they may still benefit from the trust property) under a non-UK trust then the tax position depended on the settlor’s domicile position:
- a UK domiciled settlor: taxed on the trust gains as they arise (under TCGA1992, s86;
- a non-dom settlor was not
Where the trust was not settlor interested then the anti-avoidance code switched its beady eyes to the beneficiaries of the trust.
Specifically, it looked to see whether there was a link between the beneficiary and the UK:
- If the beneficiary was UK resident and domiciled then capital payments (or benefits) he or she received were matched with any trust gains and the beneficiary pays tax;
- If the beneficiary was non-dom then, he or she was only taxable (in respect of any capital payments or benefits matched with trust gains) on the remittance basis;
- If the beneficiary was non-dom and non-resident then the provisions (TCGA 1992, s87) were unlikely to impose a charge (subject to other anti-avoidance rules).
IHT for trusts
Under the pre-April 2025 rules, trusts established by non-domiciled individuals would benefit from the attractive excluded property regime to the extent that property in the trust was of a non-UK situs.
Broadly, such property is outside of the scope of UK IHT status to the extent that the trustees hold non-UK assets. In addition, this includes trust property being outside of the Relevant Property Trust regime (eg 10 year / exit charge) for trusts.
As to whether trust property was excluded property the domicile status of the settlor was tested only at the time the trust was established. So, if the settlor subsequently became deemed domiciled for IHT purposes, this did not matter. The trust property remained excluded property and outside of any person’s estate and was no relevant property.
Finally, the Gift with Reservation of Benefit Rules (“GWROB”) were trumped by the excluded property rules. This meant that the settlor could retain an interest but the value of the assets would remain outside his or her estate.
B.I.N.G.O.
The position between April 2017 – 5 April 2025 & Protected trusts
The basic position for trusts – whether considering income or capital gains - was no different to that which existed prior to 2017.
However, again, the complications came when it comes to the anti-avoidance provisions at work. As we have seen above, under the previous rules, relief was given where non-doms were the settlors of such trusts and / or where such people received benefits from said trust.
The rules between 2017-2025 had some additional problems to grapple. This was because it was in 2017 that the concept of ‘deemed domicile’ was introduced for income tax and CGT purposes. In other words, a long stop date to the benefits a non-dom can obtain.
Of course, for those non-domiciled individuals who had set up trusts before they became deemed domiciled under the new rules, removing the reliefs described above from the trust anti-avoidance provisions would be a massive rug-pull.
This ‘protected trust’ relief applied to those who set up trusts whilst non-dom but who became ‘deemed-dom’ in years from 2017/18 onwards.
Under the CGT trust protections, s86 generally did not apply where a settlor became deemed domiciled under the new rules. This meant that whilst value is left within the trust
there will be a gross roll up of gains.
Instead, the tax position focused on capital payments or benefits actually paid out to beneficiaries.
The tax treatment depended on which category of person the payment or benefit is made to:
- Close family members (spouses, co-habitees, minor children, not grandchildren):
- Other persons
Where receipt is by a close family member then, if they were subject to tax on the receipt, then that was that. If not, for instance they were non-resident, then the Settlor was liable for tax.
If the receipt was by an ‘other person’ then the tax position was dependent on the recipient’s status. Of course, if it is the settlor then he will pay tax based on his own position.
Illustration – Protected trusts and CGT summary
The income tax protections broadly reflected the CGT position outlined above.
If the income within the trust was UK income, then the settlor would be taxed on this income regardless (as is the current position) under the s624 settlements code.
Where there was foreign income and there was a UK resident deemed domicile person and a protected trust then we are essentially in the same position as outlined for CGT purposes. In other words, it depended on the position of the recipient as to the tax consequences.
Illustration – Protected trusts and income tax summary
IHT and Trusts
One notable change in 2017 was that value represented by holdings of UK residential property could no longer be excluded property.
As such, even in a trust where all the other assets were excluded property, value attributable to UK residential property would be taxable.
In Part 3 of our three-part series, we look at the new regime for Foreign Income and Gains and the key changes to trust taxation.
If you’ve missed your Corporate Tax registration deadline or already paid the AED 10,000 fine, there’s now a golden opportunity to waive or reclaim that penalty — but only if you act quickly. In a recent move to support businesses during the first year of the UAE’s Corporate Tax rollout, the Federal Tax Authority (FTA) has announced a limited-time grace period. The initiative allows eligible businesses to apply for a full penalty waiver if they file their Corporate Tax return early. This is a major relief for thousands of companies who have either: Missed their Corporate Tax registration deadline, or Registered late and were hit with the AED 10,000 fine Why is this happening? According to Gulf News, this initiative is part of a broader effort by the Ministry of Finance and the FTA to ease the transition into the new Corporate Tax system and promote long-term compliance. What You Need to Know: Deadline for the waiver: July 31, 2025 BUT: You must file your return well ahead of your official tax deadline to qualify. Don’t wait – gathering your financial records and preparing your tax return can take time. For most businesses operating on a calendar year basis (Jan–Dec), that means filing within the next couple of months. Who qualifies for the penalty waiver? If you’re asking: “Can I get a refund on my Corporate Tax late registration fine in the UAE?” “Is it possible to waive the AED 10,000 Corporate Tax penalty?” “How do I apply for the UAE Corporate Tax penalty relief?” Then the answer is – yes, you may be eligible. But there’s a catch: you must file your tax return early, ahead of your normal deadline. This is not automatic, and if you miss the window, the fine will not be waived or refunded. Why early filing matters: The FTA has made it clear: early compliance is the only route to relief. This means: Completing your Corporate Tax registration (if not already done) Preparing your financials for your first tax year Submitting your Corporate Tax return well before the deadline This one-time waiver won’t be repeated – so don’t leave it until the last minute. How Mosaic Chambers Group can help: At Mosaic Chambers Group, our FTA-certified tax advisors and legal consultants are ready to guide you through the entire process. Whether you need help: Understanding your eligibility Filing your Corporate Tax return early Claiming your AED 10,000 fine refund Or ensuring future tax compliance We’re here to take the stress out of Corporate Tax. Book a free consultation today and get expert support from our team. Click here to get in touch or below to book your call.
April 6th, 2025 marks the beginning of a major shift in UK taxation. Labour’s new tax reforms have officially scrapped the long-standing non-domiciled (non-dom) tax status — a move that targets wealthy individuals who live in the UK but, under the new non dom regime, have been able to mitigate UK tax on their overseas income and gains. This change spells the end of a tax break that attracted many high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs) to the UK and is already causing ripples across the country’s elite financial circles. The message is clear: if you live here, you pay here. Let's break down what has changed. What Was the Non-Dom Tax Regime? The non-dom tax regime allowed individuals residing in the UK, who claimed their primary home (domicile) to be outside the UK, to avoid UK income and capital gains taxes by not bringing any foreign earnings or gains back into the UK. This system made the UK an attractive location for individuals with international earnings. We covered this in more detail here. What Has Changed? Since 2025-26 tax year, the government has implemented several significant reforms. These reforms include: 1. End of Non-Dom Status All UK tax residents will now owe UK income tax on all global income and gains, regardless of whether these were brought into the country or not. 2. Inheritance Tax (IHT) on Foreign Assets Non-doms could previously avoid UK Inheritance Tax on assets they held outside the UK; now individuals who have lived here for more than four years will be liable for IHT on all their global estate assets. 3. Temporary Reliefs To assist the transition, temporary measures include the following: Tax Year 2025-26 will see a 50% reduction on foreign income tax. Capital Gains Tax (CGT) laws allow us to rebase overseas assets based on their value as of April 2019 for CGT purposes. Temporarily, bringing money from abroad may not incur full tax charges upon entering the UK. Why Has the Government Made These Changes? According to Labour, eliminating non-dom status will provide many advantages: Enhance tax fairness Raise extra funds to support public services Close longstanding loopholes used by the wealthy Rising Tax Bills HNWIs with overseas assets and income will now face significantly increased tax obligations that may have an effect on personal finances, family planning and wealth transference. Making Decisions About Moving Abroad Some individuals are already leaving the UK in order to settle in countries with more advantageous tax regimes. Some common destinations for relocation include: United Arab Emirates (UAE) does not levy income or capital gains tax Switzerland provides fixed annual tax arrangements for its most wealthy citizens Italy - flat tax of EUR100,000.000 on foreign income for new residents Monaco does not levy personal income tax for residents Concerns Raised About Impact Within Industry Concerns are being expressed that this could lead to a decrease in: Investment into UK businesses Jobs funded by private wealth Donations to UK Charities What About Entrepreneurs? Many entrepreneurs utilise non-dom status to reduce tax on international business earnings, however, these changes could require: Establishing headquarters or structures outside the UK Reconsider ownership of intellectual property or company shares An investigation of how profits and dividends are managed is important to ensure long-term growth. What Should Be Done Now? If you or those you work with have been affected, taking immediate steps is key to their safety. Here are a few things you can do. 1. Consult With A Specialist Tax Advisor Every situation varies. Seek tailored guidance from someone familiar with both UK and international tax regulations. 2. Evaluate Your Financial Structures Evaluate how you hold assets - for instance through offshore companies or trusts. Any necessary changes must be implemented for optimal efficiency and compliance purposes. 3. Consider Relocating If the UK's new tax rules no longer suit, you might wish to explore living elsewhere where tax liabilities would be lower. Be sure to carefully consider all legal, financial, and family aspects prior to making any decisions. Summary The changes to the non-dom tax regime mark a profound transformation for those who rely on global income and wealth for tax payments, especially those living abroad. Although intended to increase fairness, these reforms also pose challenges to those accustomed to using it. Now is the time to review your plans, secure your assets, and seek professional guidance. How Can We Assist? At our offices in both the UK and UAE, we assist individuals, entrepreneurs and professional advisors in making well-informed decisions. If you have any queries about this article or need advice then get in touch.